HEPATİT B

Hepatit B İnsanlara nasıl bulaşır?
Hastalığın yayılmasında ki en büyük etken Hepatit B virüsünü kanlarında taşıyan ve hastalık hali göstermeyen taşıyıcılardır. Dünyada 350-500 milyon civarında taşıyıcı mevcuttur. Virüs taşıyıcıdan kan,sperm,vajinal sıvılar,tükürük,anne sütü,idrar ve terle bulaşabilir. Virüs bulaşmış kan ve kan ürünleri,cerrahi aletler, enjektör,dövme,akupunktur,kulak delme hastalığı kolaylıkla bulaştırabilir. Bir de horizontal dediğimiz aynı evde yaşayanlarda görülen bulaşma yolu vardır.
Belirtileri nelerdir ?
Basit bir gribal enfeksiyon şeklinde çok sinsi başlayıp nadir de olsa aniden karaciğer yetmezliğine sokabilen bir hastalıktır. Sarılık ortaya çıkmadan halsizlik,başağrısı,bulantı,karın ağrısı,kusma ve ateş görülmektedir. Daha sonra gözlerden başlamak üzre bütün vücur sararabilir. İdrar çay rengini alır. Büyük abdestin rengi açılır.
Nasıl tedavi edilebilir ?
Özel bir tedavisi yoktur.Çünkü hastalığa sebep olan virüsü yok edecek spesifikbir ilaç yoktur. Yatak istirahati şarttır. Bol kalorili diyet yapılır. Alkol ve yağlı yiyecekler yasaklanır. Hastalık müzminleştiği anda İnterfenon tedavisi düzenlenebilir.
Hepatit B’den Nasıl Korunmalıdır ?
HBV Enfeksiyonlarından korunma,bilinen bulaşma yollarına karşıtedbir alma ile olur. Ancak asıl korunmayı temas öncesi yapılacak aşı sağlar.Günümüzde kullanılan aşıların etkinliği yüksektir. Aşılandığında bağışıklık cevabı düşük düzeyde olunan kişilerde ikinci bir aşı programı uygulanmalıdır. Bu sayede yeterli ve kalıcı bağışıklık sağlanabilir.
Aşı her kes’e yapılabilir mi ?
Hepatit taraması dediğimiz HBs Ag ve Anti HBs testleri olunarak aşılanmalıdır.Bu testler ve aşı ile kişi Hepatit B hastalığına karşı korunmuş olur.

EV BİTKİ ÇİÇEK

Kırmızı Örümcek Maytları: Yaprakların alt yüzeylerinde bulunan küçük,kahverengi,sarı veya kırmızı kurtçuklardır. İnce örümcek ağları üretirler. Kuru ortamları severler.Nemliliği artırmak için bitkiyi sık sık spreyleyin.

Kabuk Böcekeri:Yaprakları ve gövdeye yapışmış gibi duran küçük sert kabuklu, kahverengi,sarı böceklerdir. Böcekleri ılık sabunlu su ile durulayın.

Küf:Yapraklarda ve gövdede oluşan beyaz pudra benzeri oluşumlardır.Mantar ilacı [fungicide] ile spreyleyin.

Beyaz Sinekler:Güveye benzeyen ve rahatsız edildiğinde uçuşan küçük beyaz böceklerdir.Tüm bitkiyi ılık sabunlu suya batırın ve sonra durulayın.

Yeşil veya Siyah Sinekler:Bitkinin büyüyen uçlarında koloni oluştururlar. Yok etmek için Arap sabunu ile köpürtün ve bununla tüm bitkiyi yıkayın ve durulayın.

Botrytis: Yaprak çiçek ve gövdede bulunan gri küftür.Bitkiyi daha kuru bir ortama alın ve hava akımını artırın. Ölü çiçek ve yaprakları düzenli olarak ayıklayın. Sorun devam ederse mantar ilacı kullanın.
Mealy Bugs. Yaprakların altında ve gövdede bulunan minik yün yumaklarına benzer oluşumlardır. Pamukçuk gibidir İspirtoya [Metil Alkol] batırılmış bir pamukla siliniz.

Pratik Bilgiler 2

Mat Saçlar İçin:
Saçınızı şampuanladıktan sonra son su olarak bir çaydanlık ılık çay ile durulayın.Bakın saçlarınız nasıl ışıl,ışıl oluyor.

Ayağınız mı kokuyor ?:
Ilık çay dolu leğene ayaklarınızı daldırın ve her akşam yatmadan evvel 10 dakika tutun. 10 günde koku diye bir şey kalmayacaktır.

Boğaz ağrılarında:
Posaları süzüp soğuyan demi boğaz ağrılarında gargara olarak kullabilirsiniz.

Cildiniz çok mu yağlı ?
Banyodan çıkmadan son su olarak bir çaydanlık çay ile teninizi ovuşturun,balsam vazifesi görün.

Derinizdeki yaraların temizlenmesi:
Çayı,derinizideki yaraların temizlenmesi ve antibiyotik etki göstermesi için pamukla tatbik ederek kullanabilirsiniz.


Eliniz balık,soğan mı kokuyor ?:
Balık ayıkladınız,ellerinizi sabun ile yıkadınız ve hala balık kokuyor.Ya da soğan soydunuz,soğan kokuyor. İşte kurtarıcınız yine çay,elinizi demli çay ile yıkayın.Bakın akalım hiç bir koku kalmış mı ?

Gözünüz çapak mı yapıyor ?:
Kaynamış çayı bir tasa koyup buharı gözünüze gelecek biçimde başınızı üstüne koyun. Ya da ılık çaya batırılmış gözlerinize ve etrafına tatbik edin.

Yemek yerken dilinizi mi ısırdınız ?
Yine ilacı demlikteki çaydır. Ağzınızı günde üç defa çalkalayın,diliniz dokuz yerine üç günde iyileşecektir.

Buzdolabınız kokumu yapıyor ?
Demlikte kalmış çay posalarını kurutup bir kap içinde buzdolabının orta rafına yerleştirin,kokudan eser kalmayacaktır.

Fotograflarda Gözler Neden Kırmızı Çıkıyor

Geceleri flaş ile çekilen fotograflarda genellikle gözler kırmızı çıkar. Peki fotograflardaki bu güzelliği bozan olay nasıl oluşur ? Neden her zaman olmaz ? Neden gündüzleri flaş ile çekilen fotograflarda olmaz ? Gözümüz iç içe geçmiş 3 tabakadan oluşur. En dışarıdaki gözümüzü koruyan ve göz akıda denilen sert tabakadır. İkincisi,kan damarlarından meydana gelmiş ve ortasında göz bebeğinin bulunduğu damar tabakadır. Bu damarlar sayesinde fazla ışıkta göz bebeğimiz küçülür,karanlıkta ise daha çok ışık alabilmek için büyür ama bu hareketi oldukça yavaş yapar. Üçüncü tabaka da retina adı verilen ışığa duyarlı kılcal damarlardan oluşan ağ tabakasıdır. Köpek,geyik,karaca,kedi gibi hayvanların gözlerinin arkasında,yani retinalarda ayna gibi, yansıtıcı özel bir tabaka vardır. Eğer karanlıkta gözlerine el lambası veya araba farı tutarsanız, bu ışık gözlerinin bu ışık gözlerinin içinden yansır ve gözleri karanlıkta pırıl,pırıl parlar. İnsanların gözlerinin retinasında ise böyle bir yanısıtıcı bir tabaka yoktur. Fotograf makinesinin flaşı çok kısa bir zamanda çok kuvvetli bir ışık verir. Gözbebeğimiz ise bu kadar kısa zamanda küçülmeye fırsat bulamaz. Işık doğrudan retinaya ulaşır ve oradan da doğrudan kılcal damarların görüntüsü yansır. İşte flaşla çekilen fotograflarda görülen bu kırmızılık retina tabakasındaki kılcal damarların görüntüsüdür. Günümüzde,bir çok fotograf makinesinde, gözün bu kırmızı görüntüsünü azaltacak önlemler alınmıştır. Bu tür makinelerde flaş iki kere çakar. Birinci çakış resim çekilmeden az evvel olur ve göz bebeğinin küçülerek gözdeki yansımayı azaltmasına zaman tanır. İkinciside tam fotograf çekilirken olur ki, gözbebeği olması gereken durumu almıştır zaten. Başka bir önlemde odadaki bütün ışıkları açarak' gözbebeğinin önceden küçülmesini sağlamaktır. Geceleri flaşlı fotograflarda, gözlerin kırmızı çıkmasının önlenmesinin bir yolu da flaşı objektiften olabildiğince uzak tutmaktır. Günümüzde fotograf makineleri o kadar küçülmüştür ki, flaş makinesinin bünyesinde ve objektifte bir kaç santim mesafesindedir. Flaşın ışığı göze gelip yansıyarak geri döndüğünde doğrudan objektife gelir. Gündüzleri ise gözümüze dışarıdan, her yönden ışık geldiği için, flaşın ışığı bunların arasında daha az oranda gözümüze girer ve kırmız göz olayı olmaz.

Yeşil Mu'cize Fotosentez

İnsan hayatında çok önemli yeri olan bitkiler, 500,000'den fazla çeşidiyle Allah'ın insanın faydasına sunduğu sınırsız bir hazinedir. Solduğumuz tertemiz havanın,hayatta kalmak için ihtiyacımız olan besinlerin, kullandığımız enerjinin kaynağı bitkilerdir. Çarpıcı güzellikteki manzaraların,etkileyici kokuların ve göz alıcı renklerin kaynağı da yine bitkilerdir. Bitkiler,ışığı besine çeviren fotosentez sistemleri,hiç durmadan enerji ve oksijen üreten,doğayı temizleyen,ekolojik dengeyi sağlayan mekanizmaları,tat,koku,renk gibi sadece insana hitap eden estetik özellikleriyle kendilerini yaratan. Allah'ın sonsuz ilmini,sanatını,insanlara karşı olan şefkat ve merhametini gözler önüne seren özel canlılardır. Çok özel faydalar için çok özel sistemlere sahip olan bitkilerin bugüne kadar sadece 10,000 Türü incelenebilmiş,bu araştırmalar sonucunda her bitkinin insanı hayrete düşürecek yaratılış özelliklerine sahip olduğu ortaya çıkmıştır.

Güzel bir afiş

ARKADAŞLAR

SİGARA İÇMEYELİM

İÇMEMEYE GAYRET GÖSTERELİM !!!

Delden

Delden (Nedersaksisch: Dealdn) is een stadje in de Nederlandse provincie Overijssel. Het ligt sinds 1 januari 2001 in de gemeente Hof van Twente. Daarvoor was Delden de hoofdplaats van de gemeente Stad Delden. Delden grenst in het noorden, westen en zuiden aan het eveneens tot Hof van Twente behorende Deldeneresch en in het oosten aan de gemeente Hengelo.
De stad Delden beslaat een oppervlakte van 5,96 km² en telde volgens cijfers van het CBS op 1 januari 2008 7043 inwoners.
De gemeente Hof van Twente maakt deel uit van het kaderwetgebied Regio Twente.
Delden was ook de naam van een voormalige gemeente die in 1811 was ontstaan uit het samenvoegen van het stadgericht Delden en het westelijk deel van het richterambt Delden. Het oostelijk deel van het richterambt Delden, namelijk de buurschappen Woolde met het dorp Hengelo, Oele en Beckum, vormde vanaf toen de gemeente Hengelo. In 1818 werd de gemeente Delden gesplitst in de gemeenten Stad Delden en Ambt Delden.

Geschiedenis
De oudste vermelding van Delden gaat terug tot 1036 na Christus. Toen schonk bisschop Meinwerk van Paderborn onder andere het praedium Theldene aan het door hem opgerichte klooster Busdorf bij Paderborn. Uit latere goederenlijsten blijkt dat dit landgoed een hof betrof met 30 horige erven. Niet alle erven lagen echter in Delden, minstens een erf lag in Driene, een ander in Twekkelo. Delden zelf was in deze tijd vermoedelijk nog slechts een buurschap, het huidige Deldeneresch. In 1239 verkocht het klooster de hof aan Johannes van Ahaus.
In 1118 wordt de kerk van Delden voor het eerst genoemd. De bisschop van Utrecht schonk deze toen met de kerk van Enschede aan het Kapittel van Sint-Pieter in Utrecht. Dit verkocht de rechten in Delden in 1294 door aan het Kapittel van Sint-Lebuïnus van Deventer. De oudste bouwfragmenten van de huidige kerk, de Oude Blasiuskerk stammen uit de 12e eeuw.
In de buurschap Delden ontstond een nederzetting van ambachts- en kooplieden. In de 13e of begin 14e eeuw verwierf dit dorp zekere voorrechten. Deze rechten werden in 1322 door bisschop Frederik II van Sierck bevestigd, toen de Deldenaren hun dorp c.q. stadje verplaatsten om het beter te kunnen verdedigen. Het stadje werd rond de al bestaande kerk opnieuw opgebouwd. In 1333 kreeg Delden vervolgens dezelfde stadsrechten als Oldenzaal.
Delden was een kleine versterkte stad met twee stadspoorten: in het westen de Goorsepoort en in het oosten de Woolderpoort. De stad met zijn omgrachting is goed te zien op de door Jacobus van Deventer gemaakte kaart. Van de oorspronkelijke vestingwerken is niets overgebleven. De restanten van de stadsgracht werden eind 19e eeuw gedempt. Uit het verloop van de straten Noord- en Zuidwal en Noorder- en Zuiderhagen kan men echter de vorm en ligging van de vroegere verdedigingswerken afleiden.
Ten tijde van de Nederlandse Opstand werd Delden in 1583 en 1584 ingenomen, geplunderd en in brand gestoken door respectievelijk Spaanse en Staatse troepen. In 1655 verwoestte een grote stadsbrand 120 gebouwen, waaronder het stadhuis, het gasthuis en een armenhuis. De Oude Kerk is het enige nu nog bestaande gebouw dat de stadsbrand heeft overleefd.
In 1886 liet Baron van Heeckeren van Wassenaer op het landgoed Twickel boringen naar drinkwater uitvoeren. Men stuitte bij toeval op zoutlagen. Dit was de eerste ontdekking van zout in de Nederlandse bodem. Tot dan kwam het zout vooral uit Duitsland. Toen de zoutimport ten tijde van de Eerste Wereldoorlog moeilijk werd, besloot men in 1918 om zelf zout te winnen voor de Nederlandse markt.
Het kasteel Twickel ligt vlak bij de stad. De heren van Twickel hebben altijd veel met Delden te maken gehad. Zo heeft een heer van Twickel de kenmerkende watertoren gebouwd en kregen de heren van Twickel het collatierecht van de kerk in Delden in handen. Overal in Delden is trouwens ook de band voelbaar met Twickel. Dit grootste particuliere landgoed van Nederland omvat een kasteel met voorhof, tuinen en bijgebouwen. Overige bezienswaardige monumenten met een grote historische waarde zijn de Houtzaagmolen, het Zoutmuseum, de Oude Blasiuskerk en de RK Blasiuskerk.

Bezienswaardigheden

In Delden
Nieuwe Blasiuskerk, neogotische pseudobasiliek uit 1872. De 69,1 m hoge toren werd voltooid in 1893.
Oude Blasiuskerk, gotische hallenkerk uit de 15e en 16e eeuw met resten van romaanse voorganger (12e eeuw). Toren uit 1516. Deels 17e-eeuws kerkinterieur, orgel van C.F.A. Naber uit 1847.
De Kroon, Markt 5, vroeger posthuis en logement met klokgevel uit 1764.
Rentmeesterij, Hengelosestraat, voormalige rentmeesterij van Twickel, gebouwd in 1726 als particulier woonhuis van de richter van Delden, sinds 1838 bezit van Twickel. In 1867 uitgebreid met torentje en verdieping.
Stadspomp op de Markt. Monument in de vorm van een pomp uit 1894. Opgericht als dank aan de Heer van Twickel voor het aansluiten van Delden op de Twickelse waterleiding.
Zoutmuseum, museum gewijd aan onder andere de geschiedenis van de Twentse zoutindustrie. Gevestigd in het oudste vroegere gemeentehuis van Stad Delden (1657/1873/1906)

Rond Delden
Houtzaagmolen
Kasteel Twickel, kasteel uit de 16e, 17e en 19e eeuw met omvangrijke tuinen, park en bossen
Noordmolen, wateroliemolen
Watertoren, gebouwd in 1894 in neorenaissancestijl
Museumboerderij De Wendezoele























Sport en recreatie
Delden heeft twee voetbalclubs. De grootste (van oorsprong katholieke) is VV Rood-Zwart. De kleinere voetbalclub is SV Delden.
Op sportpark de Mors bevinden zich voetbalclub SV Delden, de tennisclub, de handbalclub en de korfbalclub. Ook bevindt zich hier het gelijknamige opluchtzwembad de Mors. Dit bad trekt in de zomermaanden altijd veel bezoekers vanuit heel Twente. Op sportpark 'De Scheetheuvel', gelegen aan de westzijde van Delden, bevinden zich de velden van VV Rood-Zwart.
Tevens kent Delden een lange scoutinghistorie van drie scoutingverenigingen (De Kardinaal Van Rossum-groep, de Elisabethgroep en de Twickelgroep). In 1998 gingen de Van Rossum-groep en de Elisabethgroep samen verder onder de naam Van Rossum-Elisabeth. De Twickelgroep fuseerde in 2003 met de andere groep. De naam bleef echter Van Rossum-Elisabeth. In 2006 werd de nieuwe blokhut voltooid en sindsdien bevindt Scouting Delden zich aan de rand van het recreatiegebied de Mors.
Delden is gelegen aan de Europese wandelroute E11, die loopt van Den Haag naar het oosten, op dit moment tot de grens Polen/Litouwen. Ter plaatse is de route ook wel bekend als Marskramerpad of Handelsweg. De route loopt onder andere door landgoed Twickel.
















Verkeer en vervoer
Sinds 1 november 1865 beschikt Delden over een station en een spoorverbinding met Zutphen en Hengelo, onderdeel van Staatsspoorlijn D Zutphen-Hengelo-Enschede-Gronau. Sinds 2005 onderhoudt Syntus een halfuursdienst voor reizigersvervoer met Zutphen en Hengelo/Oldenzaal.
Delden ligt aan de provinciale weg N346 die leidt naar de snelweg A35.
Aan de zuidkant van Delden ligt het Twentekanaal.

Wijken in Delden
Centrum
Centrum-West ('t Kip)
Vogelweide
Villapark
Koninginnebuurt
Vossenbrink (Burgemeestersbuurt)
Ruperts Erf
Braak-Oost (Veldbloemen)
Braak-West (gereed 2009/2010)

Trivia
Arthur Seyss-Inquart vluchtte na de Tweede Wereldoorlog vanuit Flensburg naar het juist nog "bezette" Nederland waar hij al snel door de binnenrijdende geallieerde troepen gearresteerd werd. Wekenlang werd de Rijkscommissaris vastgehouden in een speciaal gevangenenhuis in Delden (nabij de Watertoren);
In Delden en omgeving staan de Deldense moppen bekend als lekkere lokale traktatie;
Delden heeft al 15 jaar een (commercieel) radiostation genaamd Twickelstad FM, dat uitzendt in heel Twente;
Delden heeft een eigen weekblad: Hofweekblad, voorheen Deldens Weekblad.

Geboren
Simon Dik (6 september 1940 - 1 maart 1995), taalkundige
Ton Goeman (24 november 1943), taalkundige
Henri Lenferink (1957), politicus (o.a. burgemeester van Leiden)
Hajé Schartman (1937-2008), winkelier en politicus (o.a. gemeenteraadslid van Delden)
Ingrid Wender , cabaretier (De Bloeiende Maagden)
Nicolaas van Wijk (1880-1941), taalkundige

Almaty Almatı

Almaty

Almaty (Kazakh: Алматы; formerly known as Alma-Ata (Russian: Алма-Ата), also Verniy (Верный)) is the largest city in Kazakhstan, with a population of 1,348,500 (as of 1 September 2008), which represents 8% of the population of the country.
It was the capital of Kazakhstan (and its predecessor, the Kazakh SSR) from 1929 to 1998. Despite losing its status as the capital, Almaty remains the major commercial center of Kazakhstan.

















Name
The name "Almaty" derives from the Kazakh word for "apple" (алма), and thus is often translated as a city "rich with apples". The older Soviet-era Russian version of its name, Alma-Ata, originates from a mistake (the name literally means "Grandfather of apples"). In the surrounding region, there is a great genetic diversity among the wild apples; the region is thought to be the ancestral home of the apple, and the wild Malus sieversii, is considered a likely candidate for the ancestor of the modern domestic apple.

Demographics
Ethnic groups (2003):
Kazakh 43.6 %
Russian 40.2 %
Uyghur 5.7 %
Tatar 2.1 %
Korean 1.8 %
Ukrainian 1.7 %
German 0.7 %
According to the USSR Census of 1989, population of Almaty was 1,071,900; Kazakhstan Census of 1999 reported 1,129,400.

History

Prehistoric Almaty
During 10-9 BCE in the Bronze Age the first farmers and cattle-breeders established settlements on the territory of Almaty.
During the Saka’s period (from 7 BCE to the beginning of the Common Era), these lands were chosen for residence by Saka tribes and later Uisun tribes inhabiting the territory north of the Tian Shan mountain range. The evidences of these times are numerous burial tumuli and ancient settlements, especially giant burial mounds of Saka tsars. The most famous archaeological finds are the Golden man from the Issyk Kurgan, Zhalauly treasure, Kargaly diadem, Zhetysu arts bronze (boilers, lamps and alters). During the period of Saka and uisun governance, Almaty became the early education center.
Silver dirham coin minted in Almaty in 684 CE

Middle Agest
The next stage of Almaty evolution is attributed to the Middle Ages (8th–10th centuries) and characterized by the city culture development, transfer to the settled way of living, farming and handicraft development, emerging a number of towns and cities on the territory of Zhetysu.
In 10th – 14th centuries, settlements situated on the territory of the so called "Big Almaty became the part of trade routes of the Silk Road. At that time, Almaty became one of the trade, craft and agricultural centers on the Silk Road and possessed an official mint. The city was first mentioned as Almatu in old books in the 13th century.

15th - 18th centuries
In 15th - 18th centuries, the city was on the way to degradation as trade activities were condensing on this part of the Silk Road. Notwithstanding, this period was saturated with very important political events that had significant impact on the history of Almaty and Kazakhstan as a whole. It was a period of crucial ethnic and political transformations. The Kazakh state and nation were founded here, close to Almaty.
These lands also witnessed the tragic developments related to the Dzungar intervention and rigorous efforts of the Kazakh to protect their land and preserve independence. In 1730 the Kazakh defeated the Dzungar in the Anyrakay mountains, 70 km to north-west from Almaty. It was a critical moment of the Patriotic War between Kazakhs and Dzungars.

Foundation of Verniy

Zenkov Cathedral, a 19th-century Russian Orthodox cathedral located in Panfilov Park, is the second tallest wooden building in the world.
On 4 February 1854 the modern history of the city began with the strengthening of the Russian piedmont Fort Verniy nearby the Zailiysky Alatau mountain range between Bolshaya and Malaya Almatinka rivers. The construction of the Verniy Fort was almost finished by autumn 1854. It was a fenced pentagon and one of its sides was built along the Malaya Almatinka. Later, wood fence was replaced with the wall of brick with embrasures. Main facilities were erected around the big square for training and parading.In 1855 the first displaced Kazakh appeared in Verniy. Since 1856, Verniy started accepting Russian peasants. They founded the Bolshaya Almatinskaya Stanitsa (Cossack village) nearby the fortification. The inflow of migrants was increasing and led to construction of the Malaya Almatinskaya Stanitsa and Tatarskaya (Tashkentskaya) sloboda. It was the place of settlement for Tatar mechants and craftsmen.
In 1867 the Verniy Fort was transformed into the town and called Almatinsk. However, the population did not like the new name of the town and soon the town was re-named as Verniy.
According to the First City Plan, the city perimeters were 2 km on the south along Almatinka river, and 3 km on the west. The new city area was divided into residential parts, and the latter – into districts. Three categories of the city buildings were distinguished. Buildings of the first and second categories were two-storied or, at least, one-storied constructions with the high semi-basement. Buildings of categories I and II were erected around and in the center of the city, others – on the outskirts.
On 28 May 1887, at 4 a.m., an earthquake almost totally destroyed Verniy in 11-12 minutes. Brick buildings were mostly damaged. As a result, people were inclined to build up one-storied construction made of wood or adobe.

Foundation of Verniy

Zenkov Cathedral, a 19th-century Russian Orthodox cathedral located in Panfilov Park, is the second tallest wooden building in the world.
On 4 February 1854 the modern history of the city began with the strengthening of the Russian piedmont Fort Verniy nearby the Zailiysky Alatau mountain range between Bolshaya and Malaya Almatinka rivers. The construction of the Verniy Fort was almost finished by autumn 1854. It was a fenced pentagon and one of its sides was built along the Malaya Almatinka. Later, wood fence was replaced with the wall of brick with embrasures. Main facilities were erected around the big square for training and parading.
In 1855 the first displaced Kazakh appeared in Verniy. Since 1856, Verniy started accepting Russian peasants. They founded the Bolshaya Almatinskaya Stanitsa (Cossack village) nearby the fortification. The inflow of migrants was increasing and led to construction of the Malaya Almatinskaya Stanitsa and Tatarskaya (Tashkentskaya) sloboda. It was the place of settlement for Tatar mechants and craftsmen.
In 1867 the Verniy Fort was transformed into the town and called Almatinsk. However, the population did not like the new name of the town and soon the town was re-named as Verniy.
According to the First City Plan, the city perimeters were 2 km on the south along Almatinka river, and 3 km on the west. The new city area was divided into residential parts, and the latter – into districts. Three categories of the city buildings were distinguished. Buildings of the first and second categories were two-storied or, at least, one-storied constructions with the high semi-basement. Buildings of categories I and II were erected around and in the center of the city, others – on the outskirts.
On 28 May 1887, at 4 a.m., an earthquake almost totally destroyed Verniy in 11-12 minutes. Brick buildings were mostly damaged. As a result, people were inclined to build up one-storied construction made of wood or adobe.

20th century Almaty

Almaty from the Revolution of 1917 to World War II

The Central Mosque of Almaty.
In 1921, the joint solemn sitting was summoned for the participation of the representative of government regional and sub-regional institutions, professional trades, the Muslim people to make a decision to assign a new name to Verniy – Alma-Ata.
In 1926, the Council of Labour and Defence approved the construction of the Turkestan-Siberia Railway railway that was a crucial element of the republic reconstruction, specifically on the east and southeast of the republic. The Turkestan-Siberia Railway construction was also a decisive economic aspect that foreordained the destiny of Alma-Ata as a capital of Kazakh ASSR. In 1930 the construction of the highway and railway to the Alma-Ata station was completed.
On 2 March 1927, It was the initiative of the Central Executive Committee of the Kazakh Republic to transfer the capital from Kyzyl-Orda to Alma-Ata. The VI Kazakhstani Congress approved this initiative.
On 29 April 1927, it was officially decided on the sitting of the RSFSR Committee to transfer the capital of the Kazakh Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic from Kyzyl-Orda to Alma-Ata.
Besides, the Alma-Ata airport was opened in 1930 and people from the capital of Kazakhstan could fly now from Alma-Ata to Moscow. Alma-Ata became the air gate to Kazakhstan. Transformation of the small town into the capital of the Republic was supplied by the large-scaled construction of new administrative and government facilities and housing.
Given the transfer of the capital of Kazakhstan to Alma-Ata , in 1936 the Architecture and Planning Bureau elaborated the General Plan aimed at re-creating Alma-Ata as the new cultural and comfortable capital of Kazakhstan. The Plan was based on the existing rectangular system of districts that would further be strengthened and reconstructed.


Almaty in World War II
During the World War II the city territory was changed to a large extent. To organize the home front and concentrate industrial and material resources, the residential stock was compressed to arrange accommodation for 26,000 persons evacuated. Alma-Ata hosted over 30 industrial facilities from the front areas, 8 evacuated hospitals, 15 institutes, universities and technical schools, around 20 cultural institutions, etc. Motion picture production companies from Leningrad, Kiev and Moscow were also evacuated to Alma-Ata.
Owing to self-denying labour, over 52,000 Alma-Ata residents were awarded. 48 residents were granted with the title of the Soviet Union Hero. Three rifle divisions were raised in Alma-Ata , including the well-known 8th Panfilov’s division, along with 2 rifle battalions and 3 aviation regiments that were raised on the basis of the air club of Alma-Ata.
Almaty from 1945 to 2000

Downtown Almaty as seen from Kok Tobe
From 1966 to 1971, 1,400,000 square meters of public and cooperative housing were put into operation. Annually, around 300,000 square meters of dwellings were under construction. It was the period of constructing earthquake-proof multi-storied buildings. Construction unification and type-design practice diversified architectural forms. At that time were constructed lots of schools, hospitals, cultural and entertainment facilities, including the Lenin’s Palace, Kazakhstan Hotel, sport complex “Medeo”, etc.
The Medeu Dam, designed to protect the city of Almaty and the Medeo skating rink from catastrophic mudflows, was built in 1966 and reinforced a number of times in the 1960s and 1970s.
The supersonic transport Tupolev Tu-144 went into service on 26 December 1975, flying mail and freight between Moscow and Alma-Ata in preparation for passenger services, which commenced in November 1977. The Aeroflot flight on 1 June 1978 was the Tu-144's 55th and last scheduled passenger service.
Since 1981, the underground Almaty Metro construction project has been developed.
On 16 December 1986 Jeltoksan riot took place in response to General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev's dismissal of Dinmukhamed Kunayev.
In 1993 the government made a decision to rename Alma-Ata. The new name of the city is Almaty.
In 1997 the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev approved the Decree to transfer the capital from Almaty to Astana.
On 1 July 1998 was passed the Law concerning the special status of Almaty as a scientific, cultural, historical, financial and industrial center.
21st century Almaty
The new 2030 General Plan of Almaty was developed in 1998 and aims at forming ecologically safe, secure and socially comfortable living conditions. The main objective is to promote Almaty’s image as a garden-city. One of the components of the General Plan is to continue multi-storied and individual construction, reorganize industrial territories, improve transport infrastructure and launch Almaty Metro

Almaty Financial Center
Almaty is also developing as the regional financial and business centre - RFCA.

Sights

A section of the Zodiac Fountain (1979)

Kök Töbe [Sky Hill ]
An aerial tramway line connects downtown Almaty with a popular recreation area the top of Kök Töbe (Kazakh: Көктөбе, which means 'Green Hill'), a mountain just to the southeast. The city television tower, Alma-Ata Tower, is located on the hill, as well as a variety of amusement-park type attractions and touristy restaurants.

Fountains
According to the city's Department of Natural Resources and Resource Use Management, as of 2007 the city has 125 fountain groups or isolated fountains. Among them is the "Oriental Calendar" Fountain, whose 12 sculpture figures represent the 12 animals of the Kazakh 12-year animal cycle (similar to its Chinese counterpart).

Universities of Almaty
Almaty Institute of Power Engineering and Telecommunications
Kazakh-British Technical University
Kazakh National Technical University (KazNTU)
Al-Farabi Kazakh National University (KazUU)
Suleyman Demirel University (SDU)
Kimep (Kazakhstan Institute of Management, Economics, and Strategic Research)
Kazakh-American University (KAU)
Kazakh Academy of Sciences
Almaty State University (named after Abay)
Turan University
Kazakhstan University of Global Relationships and Languages (КазУМОиМЯ)
Central Asian University (ЦАУ)

Olympic aspirations
Almaty was an official candidate to host the XXII Olympic Winter Games in 2014,but was eliminated from consideration after it failed to be included in the "short list" of candidate cities. Almaty won its bid to host the 2011 Winter Asian Games. The city is exploring possible future bids, such as the 2018 Winter Olympics.

Zildjian 100% Genuine Turkish Cymbals.

The Avedis Zildjian Company is a cymbal and gong manufacturer founded in Istanbul, Turkey by an Armenian named Avedis Zildjian during the Ottoman Empire. It is the world's largest manufacturer of cymbals.At nearly 400 years old, Zildjian is the oldest family-run business in America and one of the 300 oldest companies in the world. They also sell drum-related accessories, such as drum sticks.


Avedis Zildjian Company

Type
Private
Founded
1623 (Present aged at 385 years)
Headquarters
Norwell, Massachusetts, United States
Key people
Avedis Zildjian, FounderArmand ZildjianCraigie Zildjian, Current CEODebbie Zildjian
Industry
Cymbal manufacturer
Website
Official website

Early history
The first Zildjian cymbals were created in 1623 in Istanbul by Avedis Zildjian who, while looking for a way to turn base metal into gold, created an alloy combining tin, copper, and silver into a sheet of metal that could make musical sounds without shattering. Avedis was given the name of Zildjian (Zilciyân) by The Sultan, from the Turkish (zil - cymbal, dji - maker-seller, ian - a common suffix used in Armenian last names) and began an industry in 1623, the details of whose main product remained secret for generations. It became family tradition that only the company's heirs would know the manufacturing process.
The Zildjian Company moved from manufacturing noisemakers to frighten the enemies of the Ottoman Empire to manufacturing its cymbals as musical instruments in the 19th century.

1900s
In 1908, Avedis Zildjian III migrated to Boston. In 1923, the Turkish Republic was established and the name of Constantinople was officially changed to Istanbul, resulting in the change of the company's name from K. Zildjian Constantinople to K. Zildjian Istanbul. In around 1926, Aram Zildjian signed an exclusive American distribution agreement for K. Zildjian cymbals with Gretsch.

Avedis Zildjian III in front of Zildjian Quincy Factory
Around 1928, Avedis III and Aram Zildjian began manufacturing cymbals in Quincy, Massachusetts, and the Avedis Zildjian Co. was formed in 1929, the year the Great Depression began, in competition with the K. Zildjian company in Turkey. Avedis made many innovations in cymbals that are still around today; he was the first to develop drum-set cymbals and gave cymbals names such as ride, crash, splash, and hi-hat. Jazz drummers such as Gene Krupa, Buddy Rich, Louie Bellson, Shelly Manne, Cozy Cole, and Papa Jo Jones all used Avedis Zildjian cymbals.
Avedis III's son Armand Zildjian, also known as the "Father of Artist Relations," also began hand-selecting cymbals for all the top drummers. It was his close personal relationships with the top drummers and percussionists of the day that Zildjian still bases its Artist Relations department on. In 1968, the K. Zildjian Co. and all European trademarks were bought back on behalf of the Avedis Zildjian Co. Also in 1968, Avedis split production into two separate operations, opening the Azco factory in Meductic, New Brunswick, Canada.
From 1968 to 1970, the Azco factory produced Zilco cymbals. There were two types of Zilco: one was a thin rolling produced without any hammering, which cut costs. At about this time in the Azco factory, the modern process for pressing cymbals into shape came about. Before this it was done by bumping with the Quincy drop hammer.
In 1970, Zildjian needed all their production capabilities at Azco for their regular Zildjian line, so the factory in Quincy (the then location of Zildjian) would send up castings to be finished into cymbals at Azco.
In 1975, Zildjian began making K. Zildjian cymbals at the Azco plant. This was an interesting time for the Zildjian clan because it was the first time that K. Zildjian Istanbul and the Avedis Zildjian Company had worked together to make the same Zildjian cymbals after years of competing with each other. These were made until 1979.
In early 1977, Armand Zildjian was appointed President of the Avedis Zildjian Company by his father. Soon after, Robert Zildjian split from the company amidst conflict with his brother, Armand Zildjian. Shortly thereafter, in 1981, Robert started making Sabian cymbals in the Meductic Azco factory.
After taking over in 1981, Armand was awarded a number of honors from his 65-year career.
In 1988, he received an Honorary Doctorate from Berklee College of Music.
In 1994, he was inducted into the Percussive Arts Society Hall of Fame.
He was one of the few manufacturers to be honored at the "Rock Walk" on Sunset Boulevard in Los Angeles.
In 2002, he was presented with the Modern Drummer Editor's Achievement Award.

Recent history
In keeping with tradition, Armand passed the Zildjian Secret Alloy to his daughters, Craigie and Debbie (14th generation), both of whom continue to run the family business from the current factory in Norwell, Massachusetts.
Craigie is the first female CEO in Zildjian's history and Debbie is the Vice President of Human Resources. They became the first women to fully understand the Zildjian Secret Alloy.
Both Craigie and Debbie's daughters (the 15th generation of Zildjian's) are an integral part of the family business. Debbie's daughter Cady Bickford Zildjian joined the company in 2007 and is currently the New Business Development Coordinator. (Cady also just welcomed the 16th generation of Zildjian's with the birth of her first daughter.) Her other daughter Emily completed a two-year cymbal apprenticeship where she followed in her grandfather's footsteps learning the delicate process of making Zildjian cymbals. While Craigie's daughter Samantha is finishing her Bachelors Degree, she interns at Zildjian assisting with New Business Development.
Other than cymbals, the Avedis Zildjian Company produces products such as drum sticks and other drum accessories. The Artist Series drum sticks allow these endorsers to personalize their drum sticks, and these sticks are sold to the public.
The Avedis Zildjian Company continues to produce cymbals today in Norwell, Massachusetts. In July 2008, the Avedis Zildjian Company released their Pitch Black line, cymbals with a black finish on the top.
Current cymbal products

Sheet bronze cymbal lines

Zildjian ZHT 20" Medium Ride
ZBT: The lowest-end of Zildjian sheet bronze cymbals. The ZBT alloy contains 92% Copper, 8% Tin and comes in a brilliant finish.
ZXT: Zildjian's mid-level sheet bronze cymbals. The ZXT alloy contains 92% Copper, 8% Tin and comes in a brilliant finish.
ZHT: The highest-end of Zildjian sheet bronze cymbals. The ZHT alloy contains 88% Copper, 12% Tin and comes in a traditional finish.
Pitch Black: Sheet bronze cymbals covered with a black proprietary coating process. It was introduced in 2008. The pitch black alloy contains the same ZHT alloy, 88% copper and 12% tin, and comes in an all-black coated finish. The 14" and 15" Mastersound HiHats are uncoated where there is metal to metal contact allowing for better sound and air flow. They are the first cymbals from Zildjian that are color coated.




















Cast bronze cymbal lines

Zildjian K Custom 22" High Definition Ride
FX: Special effects cymbals that include the Oriental and Azuka lines, as well as sound effects such as Zil-Bels, finger cymbals, and others. The FX series comes in both traditional and brilliant finishes.
Z Custom: Cast bronze cymbals made specifically for louder music. Z Customs have a particularly heavy weight, which make them very loud and bright. The Z Custom alloy contains 80% copper, 20% tin, traces of silver and comes in a brilliant finish.
Avedis Zildjian: The original line of Avedis Zildjian cast bronze cymbals. The A Zildjian alloy contains 80% copper, 20% tin, and traces of silver and comes in traditional and brilliant finishes.
Armand Zildjian: In 2007, the "Armand Series" was introduced as a sub-series of the A Zildjian line. Armand Zildjian's alloy contains 80% copper, 20% tin, and traces of silver. This is the same as the Avedis Zildjian line but made with a slightly lower profile to approximate the classic cymbal sounds of the late 1960s. The Armand Zildjian cymbal line only comes in traditional lathing.
A Custom: Cast bronze cymbals developed with Vinnie Colaiuta. Based on the original A Zildjians, A Customs have a particularly medium-thin, thin weight making them very responsive and bright. The A Custom alloy contains 80% copper, 20% tin, traces of silver and comes in a brilliant finish.
K Zildjian: Cast bronze cymbals that stem from Kerope Zildjian's original hand-hammered line. The hammering on the K Zildjians make them dark and dry. The K Zildjian alloy contains 80% copper, 20% tin, traces of silver and comes in both traditional and brilliant finishes.
K Custom: Cast bronze cymbals based on the original K Zildjians but made with very complex hammering techniques. K Customs are dry and complex, making them popular among jazz drummers. The K Custom alloy contains 80% copper, 20% tin, traces of silver and comes in traditional and brilliant finishes.

Discontinued cymbal products

Sheet bronze cymbal lines
Amir/Amir II (mid 1980s): Moderate/higher-end sheet bronze cymbals when compared to Zildjian's present-day lines. Amirs were released alongside the Impulse line.
Scimitar/Scimitar Bronze (late 1980s/early 1990s): Scimitars replaced Amir line.
Edge/Edge Plus (1990s): Higher-end sheet bronze cymbals; preceded ZXTs.
ZBT Plus (early 2000s): Released alongside ZBT, ZBTs, and ZBT Pluses replaced the Scimitar line. ZBT Pluses were discontinued shortly after Edge was replaced by ZXT.
ZXT Titanium (2003–2006): Silver colored cymbals made without any titanium in the alloy, rather there was titanium plating. ZXT Titaniums were discontinued shortly before ZHTs entered production.

Cast bronze cymbal lines
Impulse (1982–1986): Cast bronze cymbals designed for hard rock. Impulses were replaced by the original Z Zildjian line, several years later.
Z Zildjian (1986–1994): Heavy, unlathed cymbals designed for heavy metal and punk. Replaced in 1994 by the current Z Custom series.
Avedis Platinum (1990s): A Zildjians with silver-colored coating and blue or black logo.
Re-Mix (late 1990s): Cast bronze cymbals developed with Zach Danziger. Re-Mixes were designed for live performing of jungle / drum and bass and other electronic styles. Only the Ride and Effects cymbals exist today as the A Zildjian Breakbeat Ride and the A Custom EFX, respectively.

Current drum stick products
Zildjian also manufactures a variety of drums sticks, mallets, and brushes. Zildjian offers the standard sizes of drum sticks: 7A, 5A, 5B, 2B, and Rock.
DIP: Drum sticks with a coating that makes them easier to grip.
Anti-Vibe: Drum sticks made with patented technology to reduce unwanted vibrations.
Hickory: Basic drum sticks made of 100% hickory.
Artist Series: Drum sticks designed by famous drummers; the artists place their signature on the sticks.
Maple Series: New to the Zildjian drum stick line. Maple is lighter than hickory and allows for a larger diameter stick without the weight of a hickory stick.
Brushes & Specialty Sticks: New and innovative elements to brushes and mallets.

Namazın Önemi

İslamın beş şartından ikincisi namaz kılmaktır. İnsanların ilk görevi, Allah'ın varlığına ve birliğine, Hz Muhammed [sav]'ın peygamberliğine inanmaktır. İmandan sonra farzların en önemlisi namazdır.Beş vakit namaz, hicretten 1,5 yıl önce Mirac gecesinde farz kılınmıştır. Namaz ruhu yemizleyen kalbi aydınlatan, insanı Allah'ın huzuruna yükselten bir ibadettir.Sevgili Peygamberimiz [sav] Namaz dinin direğidir. buyurarak,namazın namazın dinimizde çok önemli bir ibadet olduğunu vurgulamıştır. Namaz bize beden ve ruh temiliği kazandıran bir nurdur. Bu sayede Müslüman günah kirlerinden arınır ve cennete girmeye layık temiz bir kul olur.
Peygamberimiz Hazreti Muhammed Sallalahû Aleyhi Ve Sellem Efendimiz. bu konuda şöyle buyurdu.
'' Sizden her hangi birinizin kapısının önünd bir nehir bulunsa ve o kimse o nehir de günde 5 defa yıkansa kendisinde kirden bir şey kalır mı ?''
Dinleyenler:
'' Hiç kir kalmaz Ya Resulullah!'' diye cevap verdiler.
Peygamberimiz:
'' İşte beş vakit namaz da buna benzer. Allah namazla günahları siler buyurdu.
Namaz kalplere Allah korkusunu yerleştirerek insanı günah işlemekten korur. Bu gerçek Kur'an-ı Kerim'de şöyle bildirilmektedir.
''Sana vahyolunan kitabı oku, namazı dostdoğru kıl, Gerçekten namaz fenalıkta ve hayasızlıktan alı koyar.''
Müslüman kişi namaz kılmakla mükellef olduğu gibi,çocuklarını da namazı öğretmek zorundadır. Sevgili peygamberimiz şöyle buyuruyor: Çocuklarınıza 7 yaşına geldiğinde namaz kılmasını emredin'' Anne ve Baba çocuklarına 7 yaşında namaz kılmayı öğretirse çocuklar ergenlik çağına gelince namaza iyice alışmış olurlar.

Baş Ağrıları

Baş ağrıları çeşitli nedenlerden kaynaklanır. Bunlar şöyle sıralanabilir.
Aşırı yemekten sonra görülen veya açlıktan kaynaklanan baş ağrıları.
Göz,kulak veya burun hastalıklarından kaynaklanan baş ağrıları.
Ateşli hastalıkların neden olduğu baş ağrıları.
Alkol kullanımının neden olduğu baş ağrıları.
Kafa bölgesinde meydana gelen,kırık ezik,çatlak veya sarsıntılardan kaynaklanan baş ağrıları.
Beyin urlarının neden olduğu baş ağrıları.
Kahve tirtakilerinde kahvesizlikten doğan baş ağrıları.
Kabızlık çekenlerde görülen baş ağrıları.
Saralılarda görülen baş ağrıları.
Çikolata, sarımsak,lahana,yeşil biber, kuru yemiş yedikten sonra görülen, allerjik baş ağrıları.
Menenjit hastalığının neden olduğu baş ağrıları.
Fazla miktarda şekerli yiyecek yemekten doğan baş ağrıları.
Diş hastalıklarının neden olduğu baş ağrıları.
Fazla çalışma ve ruhi çöküntülerin neden olduğu baş ağrıları.
Baş ağrılarının gerçek nedenini bulmak için mutlaka doktora başvurulmalıdır.

Hazar Denizi'nin 66 Dilde Anlamı

Italian: Mar Caspio
English: Caspian Sea
Spanish: Mar Caspio
French: Mer Caspienne
German: Kaspisches Meer
Russian: Каспийское моPе [Kaspiyskoye More]
Chinese: 裡海
Azeri Türkçesi: Xəzər dənizi
Bulgarian: Каспийско море [Kaspiysko More]
Catalan: Mar Càspia
Czech: Kaspické moře
Danish: Det kaspiske Hav
Dutch: Kaspische zee
Esperanto: Kaspia maro
Estonian: Kaspia meri
Finnish: Kaspianmeri
Frysk: Kaspyske See
Ivrit: ים קספי
Hindu: कैस्पियन सागर
Islenska: Kaspíahaf
Indonesian: laut Kaspia
Japanese: カスピ海
Latin: Mare Caspium
Lithuanian: Kaspijos jūra
Norsk: Kaspihavet
Farisi: آبسگون
Polski: Morze Kaspijskie
Português: mar Cáspio
Slovakjan: Kaspické More
Swedish: Kaspiska havet
Türkçe: Hazar Denizi
Aragonés: Mar Caspio
Avar: Каспий ралъад [Kaspiy Ralâd]
Başkurt Türkçesi:Каспий диңгеҙе [Kaspiy Dingyeze]
Belarusça: Каспійскае мора [Kaspiyskaye Mora]
Belarusça [Taraşkevitsa]: Касьпійскае мора [Kaspiyskaye Mora]
Boşnakça: Kaspijsko Jezero
Breton: Mor Kaspia
Çuvaşça: Каспи тинĕсĕ [Kaspi Tinyese]
Yunanca: Κασπία Θάλασσα [Kaspia Falassa]
Baskça: Kaspiar Itsasoa
Galiççe: Mar Kaspio
Hırvatça: Kaspijsko Jezero
Ido: Kaspia Maro
Osetçe: Къаспы денджыз [Kaspı Dencız]
Kazakça: Каспий теңізі [Kaspiy Dengizi]
Sahilce: Bahariya Kaspi
Kûrdî: Deryaya Mazenderan
Lombardiya: Maar Caasp
Macarca: Kaszpi Tenger
Makedonca: Касписко Море [Kaspisko More]
Moğolca: Каспийн тэнгис [Kaspiyn Tengis]
Norveççe: Kaspiske Hav
Occitan: Mar Caspiana
Rumence: Marea Caspic
Runa Simi: Kaspi Hatun Qucha
Arnavutça: Likeni Kaspik
Sicilyaca: Mar Caspiu
Slovence: Kaspijsko Jezero
Vietnamca: Biển Caspi
Toçiki: Баҳри Каспий [Bahri Kaspiy]
Türkmen Türkçesi: Hazar deňizi
Ukraince: Каспійське море [Kaspiyske More]
Zazaca: Deryaê Xezeri
Žemaitėška: Kaspėjės jūra